Human Nature Essays - Social Philosophy, Philosophy Of Life

Human Nature Is there or is there not human nature? For Charles Darwin the answer is no. Darwin was the first to introduce the concept of evolution. He believed that humans evolved from the ape and not in the image of God. Darwin contradicted Aristotles view that man has a purpose in life -to reason. For Darwin, man has no purpose. According to Darwin, man began as one of a few species on this planet, fighting for survival. Man was better equipped with certain traits that allowed him to pass through the filters of natural selection. Mans physical and intellectual traits allowed him to surpass all over species, thus becoming the greatest predator and severely diminishing the risk of man becoming another species prey. Mans climb to the top of the food chain illustrates the concept of the survival of the fittest. Darwin believed that struggle and competition were essential for the continued biological progress of mankind. He also believed that heredity and inheritance were important factors that needed to be considered in marriage and reproduction. A program called eugenics (Darwin 217) was established from the belief that legal and other necessary matters that need be taken are done so in order to improve or protect the elite of the human population. This equates to the breeding of the best human possible. Jean-Paul Sartre introduced the term Existentialism. The Existentialist theory of human nature stresses three characteristics: individual existence, individual freedom and choice. Due to mans ability to create his own nature, there is no one human nature shared by all. Existentialism believes that man exists with no specific purpose. Sartre denies that human beings have any fixed essence at all (Sartre 241). Because of this lack of essence man is forced create his own nature through free, responsible choices and actions. However, man must be aware of the choices he makes and take full responsibility for his actions, beliefs, feelings and attitudes whether they are right or wrong. No matter what we choose we cannot escape responsibility for our choice and guilt for the consequences (Sartre notes) For Sartre, existence precedes essence (243). Man exists, man lives, and man makes choices. Its through these choices and living that man defines who and what he is. In the end, the existenti al vision of the human condition is tragic, but it is not pessimistic (notes). John Lockes philosophy is that human reason and emotion are the right tools to solve problems confronting mankind. Lockes theory of human nature is a simple one; man likes happiness and dislikes unhappiness. Locke denies that man is born neither good nor bad. This theory contradicts the idealist theory that man is born good but is diverged from this goodness by negative influences in society. Locke believes that man is naturally reasonable and will set out to do what is best for him even if it invokes temporary pain or pleasure. He argues that man will naturally impose upon himself laws for his own good and for the good of society. Thomas Hobbes is atomistic. He believes that man is born equal. By this he means, the bodies and mind of all men contain equal ability. Because all men posses equal ability they all hope to attain their highest hopes and dreams. Conflict is introduced when both men want something that neither can posses. This in-turn causes the men to turn on each other and seek to destroy or subdue the other in order to obtain the wanted item. According to Hobbes there are three principle causes of conflict in the nature of man: competition, diffidence (distrust) and glory. In human nature, competition is for gain, diffidence is for safety, and glory is for reputation. It is the competitive human nature that renders one to invade and destroy another in order to reach the highest goal. Man is a very competitive and selfish creature especially when his reputation is at stake. According to Hobbes, man is not a social animal Like Darwin, Sigmund Freuds theory of human nature was also based on biological factors rather than reasoning. Freud was the originator of psychodynamic personality theories. These theories were based on the assumption that powerful inner forces shape personality and motivate behavior (Psychology

Traditional vs. Computer Based Training Essays

Traditional vs. Computer Based Training Essays Traditional vs. Computer Based Training Paper Traditional vs. Computer Based Training Paper Trailing Is situation pacific and audience dependent. It Is driven by the way It Is delivered, and the content being taught. When the decision to conduct trailing Is made, another decision must be made, and that Is how the training will be presented. Should the training be conducted in a more traditional setting using lectures, discussions, demonstrations or a combination of these; or should the training be conducted in a computer-based training environment? While both types of training teach the same thing, everyone learns differently and trainees must decide whether traditional or computer-based training methods work best for them. Traditional Training Methods Traditional methods of training can be divided into two general categories: presentation and hands-on. Presentation is quite simply training methods that present information to trainees. These methods include lectures, discussions and demonstrations and are usually more passive and less interactive. Hands-on methods include games and simulations where the trainee plays a more active role in the training by doing things such as role playing instead of Just listening. Lecture Method Lecture is the most widely used presentation form of training. It can be in print or rail form, and the oral form can be live or presented on video. In most cases all training sessions use some form of lecture and can be presented as the lecturer speaking to the group of trainees or it may take the form of a printed handout or textbook (Blanchard Thacker, 2010). Most educators or trainers learn how to teach based on their experiences as students. The teach as I was taught approach tends to turn the lecture Into a passive, one-way method of transferring Information. Lectures are generally described from the instructors point of view, and the students need for Interaction Is not addressed (Sullivan, 1996). An effective lecture Involves students through an Interactive and participatory approach using various teaching techniques which engage the students and connect them to the trainer. A variety of supporting media Is used In the training and there Is Limited note taking required. An Ineffective lecture has the trainer standing at a podium lecturing with no Interaction from the students who quickly lose interest and find it difficult to concentrate. There is no supporting meal Ana ten students are required to take extensive notes. Lectures are most effective when disseminating information quickly to a large umber of people; providing an overview of a topic or arousing interest in a topic or when presenting new information before using other media. A good lecturer will speak clearly and use pauses; structure the lecture to give clear view of the topic; and clarify key points (McGinnis, n. D. ). Lectures are not appropriate when a trainer will be presenting complex and detailed or abstract information; when dealing with information where feelings or attitudes are concerned; and when teaching high level cognitive skills. Poor lecturers have been criticized for not speaking clearly; saying too such too quickly and assuming too much knowledge (McGinnis, n. D. ). Discussion The goal of the discussion method of training is to get students to talk about the contents of the training material. In a discussion, the lecturers role becomes a facilitators role that moderates the discussion instead of lecturing, giving the students a chance to share ideas and information with each other and the class. Getting feedback and ideas from the entire class becomes a positive thing as students are more likely to Join in and add their ideas if everyone are participating. A good discussion gives the students an open-ended problem to solve, a task to complete, a Judgment to reach, a decision to make, or a list to create something that begs for closure. Asking questions is an excellent way to start a discussion as it helps the trainer determine whether the trainees understand the information correctly and help create a common understanding (Blanchard Thacker, 2010). There are several different types of questions that can be used in discussions including open-ended and closed-ended questions, overhead questions, and direct questions. An open-ended question does not require a specific response; there is no right or wrong answer. Open-ended questions encourage the trainees to participate in and contribute to the discussion using a trainees knowledge or feelings. A closed-ended question asks for specific short or one word answer which enables the trainer to assess learning. An overhead question can be open-ended or closed ended questions and are asked to the entire training class, not an individual or one person in particular. Anyone in the group can answer an overhead question making them entertaining. On the other hand, a direct question is asked to a specific trainee, usually one that is not participating in the discussion, in the hopes that they will begin to get involved with the discussion. A direct question will generally elicit information. Effective questioning and interaction are important to the success off discussion. Questioning skills include planning questions in advance, asking a variety of questions and providing positive feedback whenever possible (Sullivan, 1996). Demonstration Method The demonstration method of traditional training is a visual display of how to do something or how something works. To be most effective, a demonstration should be integrated with the lecture/discussion method (Blanchard Thacker, 2010). In an effective demonstration, the trainer breaks the demonstration into smaller parts that easily enumerators DAY ten trainees. As ten demonstration Is snow, ten trainer explains how the different parts come together and relate to each other describing what is being done. The demonstration method has a higher level of involvement than the lecture and discussion methods, thus, more learning occurs. After the demonstration is completed, the trainer could offer the trainees a chance to perform he demonstration so they might better understand the results. Hands on Methods Hands on methods of traditional training include games and simulations as well as role playing. When a trainee actively participates in an activity, they learn quicker, become more interested in the subject, and retain more information. In a game or simulation, one or more trainees are put in a realistic situation, given goals to meet, and they are left to achieve those goals however they see fit. There are various methods of games and simulations including behavior modeling, business games, ease studies, equipment simulators and in basket techniques. Behavior modeling allows trainees to observe others to discover how to do something new. Behavior modeling focuses on developing behavioral and interpersonal skills and is often used for sales training, interviewer training and safety training (Training and Development, 2007). Business games are simulations that attempt to represent the way an industry, company or unit of a company functions. Trainees are provided with information describing a situation and asked to make decisions about what to do (Blanchard Thacker, 2010). Business games are effective because they develop leadership skills and strengthen management skills. They also show trainees how their decisions impact the situation at hand. Case Studies focus on building decision making skills and assess and develop Asks. The case study method emphasizes an approach to see a particular problem rather than a solution. Their solutions are not as important as the understanding of advantages and disadvantages (Training and Development, 2007). Equipment simulators are mechanical equipment identical to that used on a trainees actual Job. Conditions used in the equipment simulator must be identical he conditions under which the trainee works as well. Equipment simulators increase the degree of reliability between the simulation and the work setting. Pilots, military officers and ship navigators are a few occupations that utilize equipment simulators. Using the in basket technique, a trainee is given information about a role they will play and then they are given and in basket of documents and materials and asked to respond to those materials in a certain amount of time. Once complete, the trainer provides feedback on what was done properly and what might need improvement. This method of training develops procedural as well as strategic knowledge and develops communication and interpersonal skills (Training and Development, 2007). Role Play In role play, each trainee is given a role to play. The trainees are given a description of the role and information pertaining to it like responsibilities, concerns and objectives. They receive a description of the problem or situation that faces them and they are asked to act out the roles by interacting with each other. Group decision making and conflict resolution are learned through role playing. Multiple ole play, giggles role play, role rotation Ana spontaneous role play are Deterrent versions of role playing. Computer -Based Training Methods Computer-based training, also known as CB is any instructional course whose primary means of delivery is a computer. It can be delivered too single computer via a software product, over the internet or through a corporate or educational intranet. CB can teach Just about any subject but has grown increasingly popular for computer related studies. CB is different from traditional training because face-to- face interaction with a human trainer is not required. CB may include many different techniques and processes including program instruction, intelligent computer-assisted instruction, intelligent tutoring systems, simulations and virtual reality. CB courseware functions as a reference tool where trainees can choose the topic they wish to train on or as set content where the trainees must take all topics and pass a test in the end. Some advantages of CB are that it is available anywhere, anytime and students move through the training at their own pace. There is no minimum class size with CB so one student or one hundred students can train and he cost will be the same. CB training can be updated quickly, especially with internet courses (Chapel,n. D. ). Another positive aspect of CB is that it appeals to adult learners. The trainee feels in control and is not embarrassed about taking lower level or remedial classes. CB improves Job performance because it trains people in specific skills for their specific Job. CB also gives trainers better control over the training activities taking place. Testing is provided at the end of training helping to match a trainee with other training that he might need. The trainer serves as the facilitator helping trainees when necessary.

How and when the orginal 13 colonies was founded Essay

How and when the orginal 13 colonies was founded - Essay Example Massachusetts was next, founded in 1620, followed by New Hampshire, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and, finally, Georgia, which were founded in 1623, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1638, 1653, 1663, 1664, 1664, 1682 and 1732 respectively. Thus, Virginia was first of the colonies to be founded, and Georgia the last. Of course, during this time other colonies were also founded, which now are part of Canada and West Indies, however, this paper shall only talk about the original thirteen colonies established in what is now the United States. Originally, there were many different European countries from where all these immigrants came to establish these colonies, and there were many a war fought as a result of disputes of land and property, however, soon only England and France had the most presence here. The people who originally came here in the newly founded colonies wanted to be free to practice their own religion, and wanted to be independent from their respective governments (mostly European), to form their own form of government and be free to trade as they wanted to. Originally, most of the people who came over were basically running away from religious persecution, however, later on a lot of people came to work here and to make money. Those who came here to work normally came alone, without their families and worked in shipyards and ironworks. Those who came here to make money also bought plantations, and such people brought their families with them so that they could settle here and start their lives here. There were many laws made that reflect on the mindset of the people who came to settle here in the new colonies. The Pilgrims and the Quakers, for instance, had come from England to flee from religious persecution that they faced back in England, that is why, when they came

Expectancy theory in nursing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expectancy theory in nursing - Article Example There are three components of expectancy theory, which are expectancy, valence, and instrumentality. In expectancy, the belief is that the efforts of an individual’s determine their attainment of desired performance and goals. To do so, the individuals have to develop their self-efficacy by assessing whether they have the required skills and knowledge to achieve the desired goals. Goals difficulty occurs when the set goals are set too high or the achievement of the performance expectations are set too hard. This leads to low expectancy especially when the desired results of an individual are un-attainable according to the beliefs of the individual. An individual may also get the perceived control where they believe that there is some degree of control over their expected outcome. If such individuals believe that the outcome is beyond their perceived outcomes, then their ability to influence is low leading to low motivation. In instrumentality, individuals believe that they will receive a reward if they meet the performance expectations set. This may be in form of a promotion, salary increment, or recognition. Valence, on the other hand, is the individuals’ beliefs in the reward of certain outcome. It is based on their goals, motivational factors, and values. Expectancy theory is related to nursing management in that it allows the nurse managers to ensure that their employees are well motivated to maximize on their potential. It ensures that the nurse managers come up with policies to ensure that each successful outcome of the nurses’ performance is rewarded. They ensure that the efforts made by all the nurses will result into attainment of desired goals and objectives (Yoder-Wise, 2014). To do so, the nurses have to have the required belief in their ability to achieve the set goals and ensure that the goals set are not too high for the nurse to achieve. Â  

Project Management for General Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management for General Motors - Essay Example Contemporary business produces great stress, so facilities to reduce this stress are required. It would be very functional for leasers to have indoor sporting facilities in the same building they work. This saves their time and provides great opportunity to increase quality of their work. It also provides good choice for the place of various corporate parties. Developing a huge modern office complex with entertainment facilities allows General Motors to enter new market. General Motors is new in the office leasing market, but the originality of the idea may give company profit. One portion of the revenue is supposed to receive from office rooms leasing. It is supposed that small offices will give 35% of the revenue, medium offices will give 40%, and big offices will give 25% of the revenue from the office rooms leasing. The sporting and entertainment complex is supposed to be a source of another portion of the revenue. It is assumed that disco halls will give 10% of the revenue, bars will give 20%, playing machines will give 15%, billiard will give 10%, bowling will give 10%, pool will give 15%, gymnasium will give 20%, shooting gallery will give 5%, and ping-pong hall will give 5% of the revenue. The project is planned to build 40-floors office complex with various office rooms and 10-floors underground parking. ... High-Level Scope The project is planned to build 40-floors office complex with various office rooms and 10-floors underground parking. Offices for small companies will be situated at the lower floors: there should be from 1 to 3 rooms per office. Offices for medium companies will be situated at the medium floors and have from 4 to 6 rooms per office. Offices for big companies will be situated at the higher floors and have more than 7 rooms per office. Some great companies may rent the entire floor. A conference hall and a rest room should be also situated at every floor. There should be dining hall, supermarket, hairdressing saloon, dentist and other services at the ground floor. They should work to 10 pm, so that people could use them after work. Corporate entertainment floor is situated at the 40th floor of the office complex. It includes various indoor sporting and entertainment facilities such as disco halls, bars, playing machines, billiard, bowling, pool, gymnasium, shooting gallery and ping-pong hall. Measuring Success of the Project Useful project success measures are often hard to define. Many of the potential measures such as revenue and cost savings are beyond the direct control of the project team and will not be measurable until long after the project is finished. When this is the case, the project manager must determine what it can influence. (Duncan, 2004) Duncan suggests using the following checklist to help ensure that project measures are good measures. They should be: Complete-anything unmeasured is likely to be compromised. Relevant-variances clearly indicate a need for corrective action. Valid-measuring what you intended

Risk Factors for Disease Outbreak

Risk Factors for Disease Outbreak Diseases are the disturbance of body processes impacting homeostasis, the emergence and resurgence of diseases is majorly dependent on social, ecological and geographical change rather than the molecular or microbiological aspects (Mayer, 2000). This essay will cover the growing evidence that climate change poses health concerns for the future decade’s thus increasing morbidity and mortality in many continents. Climate changes and the extremities of weather events have profound impacts on infectious diseases for example viruses and protozoa and vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks, their reproduction patterns are disturbed by the extremities of the weather (Gubler et al., 2001). This paper will also explore the ways in which technology such as aeroplanes and aircraft produces new initiatives to prevent transmission of diseases among different countries. The population density is measurable during a fixed time period where the average contact with susceptible individuals by eac h person explores the rate of spreading diseases among communities. Climate change and global warming has serious implications to human life involving the human regions and their interactions with the causative disease agent (Khasnis Nettleman, 2005). Climate change is a key determinant of health as the weather affects the timing and concentration whereas climate constrains the range of infectious diseases of the outbreaks (Dobson Carper, 1993). Global warming is encouraging the spread of infectious diseases geographically as extreme weather can also bring sparks of different diseases (Epstein et al., 1998).The meteorological conditions and climate change are unpredictable as they constantly redistribute and spread infectious diseases, examples include AIDS, Lyme disease, toxic Escherichia Coli. The increase of greenhouse gases is due to the correlation between population size and global warming. The rising temperatures are predicted to continue and precipitation is likely to increase however rainfall may be erratic, leading to floods and droughts. Some scientists have hypothesised that the increase in temperatures will kill of the plants and therefore reduce surface area for evaporation making it adaptable areas for new diseases and pathogens to arise. The most striking example of health risks from climate change is shown in the summer of 2003 where Europe’s temperatures were 3.5C above normal temperatures and 22,000 to 45,000 heat-related deaths occurred (Campbell-Lendrum, Holloway, Foley, 2005). However results comparing the weather outcomes that year show that with or without anthropogenic drivers the weather doubled as a result from human induced climate changes (Stott, Stone, Allen, 2004). Global warming is known to bring about change and some conclude that diseases will come more abundant when the earth warms up, however it majorly depends on the magnitude and the speed of these changes. When communities exhaust the environmental resources and infrastructures they allow for infectious disease to cascade across continents and populations. The extremities in the weather cycle can destabilise the biological and physical systems of our world. Due to changes in the weather patterns and the repeated winter thawing and refreezing, reduction in forest mechanisms and defences and thus the human population becomes vulnerable to disease and pest infestations, and the shifts in seasons also alter rhythms of predators, and the natural biological controls (Lindgren, Tà ¤lleklint, Polfeldt, 2000). The increase in mortality and morbidity is due to extremes in both hot and cold weathers.The WHO organisation estamated that around 800 million people are undernorished due to living in areas and countries of drought and other climate extremes which thus affects their crops and food supplies hence leading to alterations in plant pathogens leading to new diseases or the reintorduction of old diseases. The constant changes in urbanisation, human activities along with biological factors such as mutation, genetics factors and changes in the genetic pool affect the rate of emergence of new infectious diseases. Importantly the economic and political stresses may destroy the health system infrastructure, leaving the population unprepared for any sudden epidemics. The interaction between the human population and the environment can be disturbed by various changes including land usage; migration and population pressure and thus reflect the significant mal-adaptation through the appearance or diffusion of new diseases (Mayer, 2000). The lack of disequlibrium in the economy is shown in an example of the incidence of schistosomiasis following the construction of the Aswan Dam, and the increase in schistosomiasis, malaria and other infectious diseases following the Volta River project in Africa.Water sources and its various contaminations and the insufficiency of it can enhance the process of transmitting diseases among a population. Deforestation and changes in land use patterns have been shown to spread transmission of diseases between the animal world and the humans, especially when forests are destroyed to make way for residential and commercial usage. Water is a huge necessity, yet 1.1 billion people in the world do not have access to it and 2.4 billion people do not have access to sanitation (Cairncross, 2003). In order to ensure supply various approaches have already been used such as polices to eliminate profiteering, efficient management of available water, improved technology and integrating agricultural policies. Contaminated water is the source of epidemics such as cholera, typhoid and other similar diseases. Esrey, Potash, Roberts, Shiff, in 1991 conducted research and found that it is possible to reduce diseases by clean water and sanitations some of his statistics show this: â€Å"diarrhoea (26%), ascariasis (29%), guinea worm infection (78%), schistosomiasis (77%), trachoma (27%) and a median reduction of 65% in diarrhoea-specific mortality and 55% in general child mortality.† Emerging diseases are hard to define as they may have been present at one time in a community in either low of high levels for example a disease like dengue fever is emerging in the US but has been known for many years in Latin America. Travelling from one country to another can assist the diffusion of diseases in several manners; firstly human can act as vectors and carry around diseases from one region to another. Also transportation vehicles can act as mechanical vectors such as the dengue case where it was transported from Asia to the US by automobile tires and ships as it provided for ideal surviving conditions such as a damp and wet environment. Modern transport systems are efficient and fast thus placing people in danger from emerging new disease or new strands of known diseases and pathogens (Guimerà  , Mossa, Turtschi, Amaral, 2005). Spatial diffusion involves the changes in travel patterns that have dramatically changed the ecology of infectious diseases. Garrett in 1996, estimated that approximately one million people travel internationally a day and one million travel from developed to non-developed countries per week therefore disease can be transmitted in a matter of a day. And as diffusion is rapid such as with influenza where viral replication takes place in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and then transmitted through airborne route. This reflects how spatial diffusion is the main cause of diffuses of HIV/AIDS. Pathogens have relatively simple DNA/RNA and any minor changes in the nucleotides can mutate to make a new disease that humans lack immunity for. The development of antimicrobial-resistant ag ents is also a major problem for populations around both the developed and undeveloped world. Social factors such as homelessness, poverty and migration make it hard to control specific diseases as there are a limited number of antimicrobials available. The emergence of aeroplanes is notably the one that increased the speed of travel and over time introduced ‘new’ diseases and re-surfaced ‘old’ diseases, and therefore the national borders are not very secure in terms of quarantine. Other modes of transport includes rail travel which also have surveillance on both departure and arrival routes (Budd, Bell, Brown, 2009). The mobility of infectious diseases is on the rise and several public health interventions have tried to limit this by focusing on the increase in international air travel around the world (Avila, Saà ¯d, Ojcius, 2008). The aircraft passenger cabin transmits diseases consistently; although the cabin is ventilated it exposes individuals to hypobaric and dry humidity between travellers. The close spaces allows for disease to be re-circulated throughout the cabin. One technique of reducing this transmission is through supplying fresh air to cabins in a circulation pattern (Mangili Gendreau, 2005). Specific use of technological filters in aeroplanes such as HEAP filters have the efficiency rate of 99.97% of removing particles in the cabins such as dust, vapours and fungi, these are effective as viruses spread by droplets of nuclei. There is four different methods of the spread of microorganisms, these include direct contact or with a contaminated object, airborne, common vehicle (usua lly through foods and drinks) and vector-borne diseases by insects or vermin. Many are concerned that the airborne particles on an aeroplane is transported throughout the cabins due to the ventilation systems and therefore this has been the focus media investigations throughout the last few centuries and criticism from many special interest organisations (Withers Christopher, 2000). Tuberculosis has been a threat for many years and is estimated that a third of the world’s population have it. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is the most spread in airborne pathogens abroad plans. An example is shown in Kenyon, Valway, Ihle, Onorato, Castro, 1996 papers â€Å"travelling from Baltimore to Chicago and then on to Honolulu. Four of 15 fellow passengers seated within two rows of the index passenger had positive tuberculin skin test conversion†. There has also been evidence that human hygiene plays a big role therefore all aircraft now have guidelines for hand hygiene in bathrooms and kitchens. Appropriate quarantine levels must be taken to reduce the exposure of these diseases among passengers, thus the governments and international laws have provided specific legal laws that control the movement of travellers and this can include issuing travel alerts to quarantine of passenger’s upon departure and arrival. Climate change, social and ecological factors play an ever-increasing role in the resurgence and redistribution of infectious diseases. The increase in mobility of air and rail transport is increasing the transmission of diseases from passenger to passenger and also after and before the flights. The transmission of diseases probably happens a lot more than reported due to numerous reasons including reporting bias and the fact that various diseases have a longer incubation period than that of air travel. Further research and assessments of risk must be taken in order to reflect insights of disease transmissions with transportation and thus control the increase in transmitted diseases from one individual to another. The government and the medical industry are educating the general public about health issues whether they relate to travel or any other human life aspects. Dynamic diseases are increased due to the increase of population density of human who facilitate for the transmission of diseases and infectious organisms (Lindgren, Tà ¤lleklint, Polfeldt, 2000). The widespread of environment degradation also contributes to the increase of diseases along with the rapid increase in population numbers. Rapid demographic, technological, social and environmental changes in lifestyles can introduce new diseases due to the changes made to lifestyles. Climate change is an example, as it brings about an epidemic of diseases and microorganisms to societies due to the extremities of its changes in weather conditions altering lifestyles. Reference list: Avila, M., Saà ¯d, N., Ojcius, D. M. (2008). The book reopened on infectious diseases. Microbes and Infection, 10(9), 942-947. Boyce, J. M., Pittet, D. (2002). Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. American journal of infection control, 30(8), 1-46. Budd, L., Bell, M., Brown, T. (2009). Of plagues, planes and politics: controlling the global spread of infectious diseases by air. Political Geography, 28(7), 426-435. Cairncross, S. (2003). Sanitation in the developing world: current status and future solutions. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 13(S1), S123-S131. Dobson, A., Carper, E. (1993). Health and climate change: Biodiversity. Lancet, 342, 1096-1099. Epstein, P. R., Diaz, H. F., Elias, S., Grabherr, G., Graham, N. E., Martens, W. J., . . . Susskind, J. (1998). Biological and physical signs of climate change: focus on mosquito-borne diseases. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79(3), 409-417. Esrey, S. A., Potash, J. B., Roberts, L., Shiff, C. (1991). Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bulletin of the World Health organization, 69(5), 609. Gubler, D. J., Reiter, P., Ebi, K. L., Yap, W., Nasci, R., Patz, J. A. (2001). Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector-and rodent-borne diseases. Environmental health perspectives, 109(Suppl 2), 223. Guimerà  , R., Mossa, S., Turtschi, A., Amaral, L. N. (2005). The worldwide air transportation network: Anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities global roles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(22), 7794-7799. Kenyon, T. A., Valway, S. E., Ihle, W. W., Onorato, I. M., Castro, K. G. (1996). Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis during a long airplane flight. New England Journal of Medicine, 334(15), 933-938. Khasnis, A. A., Nettleman, M. D. (2005). Global warming and infectious disease. Archives of medical research, 36(6), 689-696. Lederberg, J., Shope, R. E., Oaks Jr, S. C. (1992). Emerging infections: microbial threats to health in the United States: National Academies Press. Lindgren, E., Tà ¤lleklint, L., Polfeldt, T. (2000). Impact of climatic change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environmental health perspectives, 108(2), 119. Mangili, A., Gendreau, M. A. (2005). Transmission of infectious diseases during commercial air travel. The Lancet, 365(9463), 989-996. Mayer, J. D. (2000). Geography, ecology and emerging infectious diseases. Social science medicine, 50(7), 937-952. Patz, J. A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T., Foley, J. A. (2005). Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature, 438(7066), 310-317. Patz, J. A., Epstein, P. R., Burke, T. A., Balbus, J. M. (1996). Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. Jama, 275(3), 217-223. Stott, P. A., Stone, D. A., Allen, M. R. (2004). Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003. Nature, 432(7017), 610-614. Withers, M. R., Christopher, G. W. (2000). Aeromedical evacuation of biological warfare casualties: a treatise on infectious diseases on aircraft. Military medicine, 165(11 Suppl), 1-21.

Writing From a Technical Standpoint :: Writing Technology Invention Essays

Writing From a Technical Standpoint At first, I didn’t really understand the concept of this assignment. I thought, this is going to be pretty easy. I’ll just get some glue, and write some words on a piece of construction paper. After all, glue is just sugar and water, and paper is just a tree—sounds natural enough! However, after I sat down and thought about it, glue and paper are far from natural. Someone mixed the glue, put it into a container, and shipped it to the store. The paper was made from a tree; but technology, machinery, and people were essential to its existence. Therefore, I needed to put my brain to work and find something untouched by man, technology, or machinery. How about grass, cement, dirt, and water? All of these elements seemed pretty natural to me, so I ventured into my front yard and started making words out of water from my hose onto the driveway. Then I realized someone mixed that cement and laid it—unnatural. The water has been channeled to my hose from some typ e of technology—unnatural. My dad planted the grass; the dirt was bought from the store, and laid in front of my house by my mother; man planted all the trees. I realized my project had to be conducted where humans had not interfered. For example, if I used water, I would have to travel to a natural source of water like a lake or ocean. If I wanted to use trees or grass, I would have to find them in a natural setting like a forest or woods. And that’s just what I did. I went to the woods not far from my house, and I searched around looking for an easy way to create something as simple as a word. I then came upon them—dandelions. Man has not planted these â€Å"weeds†; rather, they have grown out of the ground â€Å"naturally†. Not only were the dandelions quick and easy to use, they were also kind of pretty! Although the woods would be considered a natural setting, the grass I use for my project was not necessarily the most â€Å"natural† substance. It seemed to me that someone had planted that grass, and mowed it frequently, because it was very short and level. But the dandelions worked out wonderfully.